Blackberries, Raspberries and Blackberries (Rubus)

..... simple leaves or compound lvs whitened below compound leaves: .....
.....   first year cane (stem) prostrate or low-arching, generally rooting at least at the tip; lvs often wedge-shaped first year cane normally erect or ascending, not rooting
fr separates from the receptacle, which is persistent on the fl/fr stalk raspberry ..... .....
fr separates from the stem with the central receptacle included ..... dewberry blackberry

Raspberries:

principal foliage lvs simple, merely lobed and toothed stem; only slightly whitened; stems usually arched but do not root at the tip; young stems are densely covered with bristles.

..... ..... .....
..... flowering r. (1.odoratus) unarmed; moist shady places & margins of woods .....
1/2" wide; petals no longer than the sepals ..... wild red r. (7. idaeus = of Mt. Ida) fr red; roadsides & thickets

compound leaves:

..... lfstalks not hairy ..... lfstalks hairy: .....
..... stem consp whitened & bearing small, hooked prickles; stem arch completely over & often root at the tip stem only sl whitened; stems us. arched, but do not root at the tip; young stems are densely covered w/ bristles; 3 or 5 lflts 5-9 lflts stem with burgundy hairs; 3 lflts
1)pets no longer than the sepals ..... ..... ..... .....
fls 1/2" wide; prickles strongly curved black raspberry (6.occidentalis) stem whitened; fr purple-black; dry or rocky soil ..... ..... .....
prickles weak, straight ..... wild red raspberry (7.idaeus) fr red; roadsides & thickets ..... .....
1" wide; fls in racemes ..... ..... ..... wineberry (8.phoenicolasius = w/ purple hairs, on the shoots) fr red
1)pets longer than the sepals ..... ..... strawberry r. (9.illecebrosus) sparse prickles; red fr; Japanese escape .....

Dewberries:

..... armature largely or wholly of slender, small-based prickles or stiff or glandular bristles armature wholly of stout, stiff, commonly hooked prickles with more or less expanded base; bristles none, but minute glandular hair may be present: ..... .....
..... ..... glabrous or sub-glabrous pubescence various softly pubescent
1/4-1/2" wide fls; sepals bent downward; fr dark red ..... dwarf dewberry (4.pubescens) damp woods & bogs ..... .....
1/2-3/4" wide; fr reddish, black when mature swamp dewberry (11.hispidus) many habitats; widespread ..... Blanchard's dewberry (13.recurvicaulis) in pockets of soil on ledges & cliffs, as well as in disturbed, often sandy habits European dewberry (12.caesius = lavender blue) ascending, soon arched; stem glaucous; occ Eurasian escape
1" wide; fr black, large & sweet ..... southern dewberry (15.enslenii) most commonly in open oak-hickory woods; generally southern common dewberry (14.flagellaris) often in pockets of soil on ledges & cliffs, as well as in disturbed habitats; more northern .....

Blackberries:

.... armature largely ior wholly of stiff bristles or slender, small-based prickles armature wholly of stout, stiff, often hooked prickles with more or less expanded base ..... .....
..... ..... glabrous softly pubescent tomentose
scrambling ..... ..... evergreen b.b. (23.laciniatus = deeply cut lvs) sparingly Europ naturalized plant .....
not scrambling bristly b.b. (16.setosus = bristly) moist or wet, low ground, also in old fields & other disturbed habitats; QE to VA ..... ..... .....
21) glandular hairs abundant on the pedicels & often elsewhere ..... ..... ..... .....
terminal lflt: 3/5s as wide as long ..... ..... common b.b. (17.allegheniensis) Tl; finely & sharply serrate, long acuminate; dry fields, clearings; NS to NC .....
1/4-1x wide as long ..... ..... orarius b.b. (18.orarius) TL; sharply or coarsely or irreg serrate; short acuminate; QE to MD .....
21) glandular hairs wanting or sometimes a very few present on the fl stalks smooth b.b. (19.canadensis) open deciduous forest or on mt ledges, as well as in disturbed habitats; QE to NY & in mts to n GA Pennsylvania b.b. (20.pensilvanicus) TL; very coarsely & irreg serrate, short acuminate; ME to VA southern b.b. (21.argutus = sharp-toothed) southern sand b.b. (22.cuneifolius) TL; rhombic to obovate; gray beneath; dry, sandy soil, chiefly on coastal plain; CN & LI to FL